aligner.cpp

Go to the documentation of this file.

/*
 * Author: Steven Ludtke, 04/10/2003 (sludtke@bcm.edu)
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2006 Baylor College of Medicine
 *
 * This software is issued under a joint BSD/GNU license. You may use the
 * source code in this file under either license. However, note that the
 * complete EMAN2 and SPARX software packages have some GPL dependencies,
 * so you are responsible for compliance with the licenses of these packages
 * if you opt to use BSD licensing. The warranty disclaimer below holds
 * in either instance.
 *
 * This complete copyright notice must be included in any revised version of the
 * source code. Additional authorship citations may be added, but existing
 * author citations must be preserved.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
 *
 * */

#include "cmp.h"
#include "aligner.h"
#include "emdata.h"
#include "processor.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "symmetry.h"
#include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
#include "plugins/aligner_template.h"

#ifdef EMAN2_USING_CUDA
        #include <sparx/cuda/cuda_ccf.h>
#endif

#define EMAN2_ALIGNER_DEBUG 0

using namespace EMAN;

const string TranslationalAligner::NAME = "translational";
const string RotationalAligner::NAME = "rotational";
const string RotatePrecenterAligner::NAME = "rotate_precenter";
const string RotateTranslateAligner::NAME = "rotate_translate";
const string RotateTranslateBestAligner::NAME = "rotate_translate_best";
const string RotateFlipAligner::NAME = "rotate_flip";
const string RotateTranslateFlipAligner::NAME = "rotate_translate_flip";
const string RTFExhaustiveAligner::NAME = "rtf_exhaustive";
const string RTFSlowExhaustiveAligner::NAME = "rtf_slow_exhaustive";
const string RefineAligner::NAME = "refine";
const string Refine3DAligner::NAME = "refine.3d";
const string RT3DGridAligner::NAME = "rt.3d.grid";
const string RT3DSphereAligner::NAME = "rt.3d.sphere";

template <> Factory < Aligner >::Factory()
{
        force_add<TranslationalAligner>();
        force_add<RotationalAligner>();
        force_add<RotatePrecenterAligner>();
        force_add<RotateTranslateAligner>();
        force_add<RotateFlipAligner>();
        force_add<RotateTranslateFlipAligner>();
        force_add<RTFExhaustiveAligner>();
        force_add<RTFSlowExhaustiveAligner>();
        force_add<RefineAligner>();
        force_add<Refine3DAligner>();
        force_add<RT3DGridAligner>();
        force_add<RT3DSphereAligner>();
//      force_add<XYZAligner>();
}

// Note, the translational aligner assumes that the correlation image
// generated by the calc_ccf function is centered on the bottom left corner
// That is, if you did at calc_cff using identical images, the
// peak would be at 0,0
EMData *TranslationalAligner::align(EMData * this_img, EMData *to,
                                        const string&, const Dict&) const
{
        if (!this_img) {
                return 0;
        }

        if (to && !EMUtil::is_same_size(this_img, to))
                throw ImageDimensionException("Images must be the same size to perform translational alignment");

        EMData *cf = 0;
        int nx = this_img->get_xsize();
        int ny = this_img->get_ysize();
        int nz = this_img->get_zsize();

        int masked = params.set_default("masked",0);
        int useflcf = params.set_default("useflcf",0);
        bool use_cpu = true;
#ifdef EMAN2_USING_CUDA
        if (this_img->gpu_operation_preferred() ) {
//              cout << "Translate on GPU" << endl;
                use_cpu = false;
                cf = this_img->calc_ccf_cuda(to,false,false);
        }
#endif // EMAN2_USING_CUDA
        if (use_cpu) {
                if (useflcf) cf = this_img->calc_flcf(to);
                else cf = this_img->calc_ccf(to);
        }

        // This is too expensive
        if (masked) {
                EMData *msk=this_img->process("threshold.notzero");
                EMData *sqr=to->process("math.squared");
                EMData *cfn=msk->calc_ccf(sqr);
                cfn->process_inplace("math.sqrt");
                float *d1=cf->get_data();
                float *d2=cfn->get_data();
                for (int i=0; i<nx*ny*nz; i++) {
                        if (d2[i]!=0) d1[i]/=d2[i];
                }
                cf->update();
                delete msk;
                delete sqr;
                delete cfn;
        }

//

        int maxshiftx = params.set_default("maxshift",-1);
        int maxshifty = params["maxshift"];
        int maxshiftz = params["maxshift"];
        int nozero = params["nozero"];

        if (maxshiftx <= 0) {
                maxshiftx = nx / 4;
                maxshifty = ny / 4;
                maxshiftz = nz / 4;
        }

        if (maxshiftx > nx / 2 - 1) maxshiftx = nx / 2 - 1;
        if (maxshifty > ny / 2 - 1)     maxshifty = ny / 2 - 1;
        if (maxshiftz > nz / 2 - 1) maxshiftz = nz / 2 - 1;

        if (nx == 1) maxshiftx = 0; // This is justhere for completeness really... plus it saves errors
        if (ny == 1) maxshifty = 0;
        if (nz == 1) maxshiftz = 0;

        // If nozero the portion of the image in the center (and its 8-connected neighborhood) is zeroed
        if (nozero) {
                cf->zero_corner_circulant(1);
        }

        IntPoint peak;
#ifdef EMAN2_USING_CUDA
        if (!use_cpu) {
                EMDataForCuda tmp = cf->get_data_struct_for_cuda();
                int* p = calc_max_location_wrap_cuda(&tmp,maxshiftx, maxshifty, maxshiftz);
                peak = IntPoint(p[0],p[1],p[2]);
                free(p);
        }
#endif // EMAN2_USING_CUDA
        if (use_cpu) {
                peak = cf->calc_max_location_wrap(maxshiftx, maxshifty, maxshiftz);
        }
        Vec3f cur_trans = Vec3f ( (float)-peak[0], (float)-peak[1], (float)-peak[2]);

        if (!to) {
                cur_trans /= 2.0f; // If aligning theimage to itself then only go half way -
                int intonly = params.set_default("intonly",false);
                if (intonly) {
                        cur_trans[0] = floor(cur_trans[0] + 0.5f);
                        cur_trans[1] = floor(cur_trans[1] + 0.5f);
                        cur_trans[2] = floor(cur_trans[2] + 0.5f);
                }
        }

        if( cf ){
                delete cf;
                cf = 0;
        }
        Dict params("trans",static_cast< vector<int> >(cur_trans));
        cf=this_img->process("math.translate.int",params);
        Transform t;
        t.set_trans(cur_trans);
        if ( nz != 1 ) {
//              Transform* t = get_set_align_attr("xform.align3d",cf,this_img);
//              t->set_trans(cur_trans);
                cf->set_attr("xform.align3d",&t);
        } else if ( ny != 1 ) {
                //Transform* t = get_set_align_attr("xform.align2d",cf,this_img);
                cur_trans[2] = 0; // just make sure of it
                t.set_trans(cur_trans);
                cf->set_attr("xform.align2d",&t);
        }

        return cf;
}

EMData * RotationalAligner::align_180_ambiguous(EMData * this_img, EMData * to, int rfp_mode) {

        // Make translationally invariant rotational footprints
        EMData* this_img_rfp, * to_rfp;
        if (rfp_mode == 0) {
                this_img_rfp = this_img->make_rotational_footprint_e1();
                to_rfp = to->make_rotational_footprint_e1();
        } else if (rfp_mode == 1) {
                this_img_rfp = this_img->make_rotational_footprint();
                to_rfp = to->make_rotational_footprint();
        } else if (rfp_mode == 2) {
                this_img_rfp = this_img->make_rotational_footprint_cmc();
                to_rfp = to->make_rotational_footprint_cmc();
        } else {
                throw InvalidParameterException("rfp_mode must be 0,1 or 2");
        }
        int this_img_rfp_nx = this_img_rfp->get_xsize();

        // Do row-wise correlation, returning a sum.
        EMData *cf = this_img_rfp->calc_ccfx(to_rfp, 0, this_img->get_ysize());

        // Delete them, they're no longer needed
        delete this_img_rfp; this_img_rfp = 0;
        delete to_rfp; to_rfp = 0;

        // Now solve the rotational alignment by finding the max in the column sum
        float *data = cf->get_data();
        float peak = 0;
        int peak_index = 0;
        Util::find_max(data, this_img_rfp_nx, &peak, &peak_index);

        if( cf ) {
                delete cf;
                cf = 0;
        }
        float rot_angle = (float) (peak_index * 180.0f / this_img_rfp_nx);

        // Return the result
        Transform tmp(Dict("type","2d","alpha",rot_angle));
        cf=this_img->process("xform",Dict("transform",(Transform*)&tmp));
//      Transform* t = get_set_align_attr("xform.align2d",cf,this_img);
//      Dict d("type","2d","alpha",rot_angle);
//      t->set_rotation(d);
        cf->set_attr("xform.align2d",&tmp);
        return cf;
}

EMData *RotationalAligner::align(EMData * this_img, EMData *to,
                        const string& cmp_name, const Dict& cmp_params) const
{
        if (!to) throw InvalidParameterException("Can not rotational align - the image to align to is NULL");

        // Perform 180 ambiguous alignment
        int rfp_mode = params.set_default("rfp_mode",0);
        EMData* rot_aligned = RotationalAligner::align_180_ambiguous(this_img,to,rfp_mode);
        Transform * tmp = rot_aligned->get_attr("xform.align2d");
        Dict rot = tmp->get_rotation("2d");
        float rotate_angle_solution = rot["alpha"];
        delete tmp;

        EMData *rot_align_180 = rot_aligned->process("math.rotate.180");

        // Generate the comparison metrics for both rotational candidates
        float rot_cmp = rot_aligned->cmp(cmp_name, to, cmp_params);
        float rot_180_cmp = rot_align_180->cmp(cmp_name, to, cmp_params);
        // Decide on the result
        float score = 0.0;
        EMData* result = NULL;
        if (rot_cmp < rot_180_cmp){
                result = rot_aligned;
                score = rot_cmp;
                delete rot_align_180; rot_align_180 = 0;
        } else {
                result = rot_align_180;
                score = rot_180_cmp;
                delete rot_aligned; rot_aligned = 0;
                rotate_angle_solution = rotate_angle_solution-180.0f;
        }

//      Transform* t = get_align_attr("xform.align2d",result);
//      t->set_rotation(Dict("type","2d","alpha",rotate_angle_solution));
        Transform tmp2(Dict("type","2d","alpha",rotate_angle_solution));
        result->set_attr("xform.align2d",&tmp2);
        return result;
}


EMData *RotatePrecenterAligner::align(EMData * this_img, EMData *to,
                        const string&, const Dict&) const
{
        if (!to) {
                return 0;
        }

        int ny = this_img->get_ysize();
        int size = Util::calc_best_fft_size((int) (M_PI * ny * 1.5));
        EMData *e1 = this_img->unwrap(4, ny * 7 / 16, size, 0, 0, 1);
        EMData *e2 = to->unwrap(4, ny * 7 / 16, size, 0, 0, 1);
        EMData *cf = e1->calc_ccfx(e2, 0, ny);

        float *data = cf->get_data();

        float peak = 0;
        int peak_index = 0;
        Util::find_max(data, size, &peak, &peak_index);
        float a = (float) ((1.0f - 1.0f * peak_index / size) * 180. * 2);

        Transform rot;
        rot.set_rotation(Dict("type","2d","alpha",(float)(a*180./M_PI)));
        EMData* rslt = this_img->process("xform",Dict("transform",&rot));
        rslt->set_attr("xform.align2d",&rot);
//
//      Transform* t = get_set_align_attr("xform.align2d",rslt,this_img);
//      t->set_rotation(Dict("type","2d","alpha",-a));
//
//      EMData* result this_img->transform(Dict("type","2d","alpha",(float)(a*180./M_PI)));
//
//      cf->set_attr("xform.align2d",t);
//      delete t;
//      cf->update();

        if( e1 )
        {
                delete e1;
                e1 = 0;
        }

        if( e2 )
        {
                delete e2;
                e2 = 0;
        }

        if (cf) {
                delete cf;
                cf = 0;
        }

        return rslt;
}

EMData *RotateTranslateAligner::align(EMData * this_img, EMData *to,
                        const string & cmp_name, const Dict& cmp_params) const
{
        // Get the 180 degree ambiguously rotationally aligned and its 180 degree rotation counterpart
        int rfp_mode = params.set_default("rfp_mode",0);
        EMData *rot_align  =  RotationalAligner::align_180_ambiguous(this_img,to,rfp_mode);
        Transform * tmp = rot_align->get_attr("xform.align2d");
        Dict rot = tmp->get_rotation("2d");
        float rotate_angle_solution = rot["alpha"];
        delete tmp;

        EMData *rot_align_180 = rot_align->copy();
        rot_align_180->process_inplace("math.rotate.180");

        Dict trans_params;
        trans_params["intonly"]  = 0;
        trans_params["maxshift"] = params.set_default("maxshift", -1);
        trans_params["useflcf"]=params.set_default("useflcf",0);

        // Do the first case translational alignment
        trans_params["nozero"]   = params.set_default("nozero",false);
        EMData* rot_trans = rot_align->align("translational", to, trans_params, cmp_name, cmp_params);
        if( rot_align ) { // Clean up
                delete rot_align;
                rot_align = 0;
        }

        // Do the second case translational alignment
        EMData*  rot_180_trans = rot_align_180->align("translational", to, trans_params, cmp_name, cmp_params);
        if( rot_align_180 )     { // Clean up
                delete rot_align_180;
                rot_align_180 = 0;
        }

        // Finally decide on the result
        float cmp1 = rot_trans->cmp(cmp_name, to, cmp_params);
        float cmp2 = rot_180_trans->cmp(cmp_name, to, cmp_params);

        EMData *result = 0;
        if (cmp1 < cmp2) { // Assumes smaller is better - thus all comparitors should support "smaller is better"
                if( rot_180_trans )     {
                        delete rot_180_trans;
                        rot_180_trans = 0;
                }
                result = rot_trans;
        }
        else {
                if( rot_trans ) {
                        delete rot_trans;
                        rot_trans = 0;
                }
                result = rot_180_trans;
                rotate_angle_solution -= 180.f;
        }

        Transform* t = result->get_attr("xform.align2d");
        t->set_rotation(Dict("type","2d","alpha",rotate_angle_solution));
        result->set_attr("xform.align2d",t);
        delete t;

        return result;
}




EMData* RotateTranslateFlipAligner::align(EMData * this_img, EMData *to,
                                                                                  const string & cmp_name, const Dict& cmp_params) const
{
        // Get the non flipped rotational, tranlsationally aligned image
        Dict rt_params("maxshift", params["maxshift"], "rfp_mode", params.set_default("rfp_mode",0),"useflcf",params.set_default("useflcf",0));
        EMData *rot_trans_align = this_img->align("rotate_translate",to,rt_params,cmp_name, cmp_params);

        // Do the same alignment, but using the flipped version of the image
        EMData *flipped = params.set_default("flip", (EMData *) 0);
        bool delete_flag = false;
        if (flipped == 0) {
                flipped = to->process("xform.flip", Dict("axis", "x"));
                delete_flag = true;
        }

        EMData * rot_trans_align_flip = this_img->align("rotate_translate", flipped, rt_params, cmp_name, cmp_params);
        Transform* t = rot_trans_align_flip->get_attr("xform.align2d");
        t->set_mirror(true);
        rot_trans_align_flip->set_attr("xform.align2d",t);
        delete t;

        // Now finally decide on what is the best answer
        float cmp1 = rot_trans_align->cmp(cmp_name, to, cmp_params);
        float cmp2 = rot_trans_align_flip->cmp(cmp_name, flipped, cmp_params);

        if (delete_flag){
                if(flipped) {
                        delete flipped;
                        flipped = 0;
                }
        }

        EMData *result = 0;
        if (cmp1 < cmp2 )  {

                if( rot_trans_align_flip ) {
                        delete rot_trans_align_flip;
                        rot_trans_align_flip = 0;
                }
                result = rot_trans_align;
        }
        else {
                if( rot_trans_align ) {
                        delete rot_trans_align;
                        rot_trans_align = 0;
                }
                result = rot_trans_align_flip;
                result->process_inplace("xform.flip",Dict("axis","x"));
        }

        return result;
}




EMData *RotateFlipAligner::align(EMData * this_img, EMData *to,
                        const string& cmp_name, const Dict& cmp_params) const
{
        Dict rot_params("rfp_mode",params.set_default("rfp_mode",0));
        EMData *r1 = this_img->align("rotational", to, rot_params,cmp_name, cmp_params);


        EMData* flipped =to->process("xform.flip", Dict("axis", "x"));
        EMData *r2 = this_img->align("rotational", flipped,rot_params, cmp_name, cmp_params);
        Transform* t = r2->get_attr("xform.align2d");
        t->set_mirror(true);
        r2->set_attr("xform.align2d",t);
        delete t;

        float cmp1 = r1->cmp(cmp_name, to, cmp_params);
        float cmp2 = r2->cmp(cmp_name, flipped, cmp_params);

        delete flipped; flipped = 0;

        EMData *result = 0;

        if (cmp1 < cmp2) {
                if( r2 )
                {
                        delete r2;
                        r2 = 0;
                }
                result = r1;
        }
        else {
                if( r1 )
                {
                        delete r1;
                        r1 = 0;
                }
                result = r2;
                result->process_inplace("xform.flip",Dict("axis","x"));
        }

        return result;
}


// David Woolford says FIXME
// You will note the excessive amount of EMData copying that's going in this function
// This is because functions that are operating on the EMData objects are changing them
// and if you do not use copies the whole algorithm breaks. I did not have time to go
// through and rectify this situation.
// David Woolford says - this problem is related to the fact that many functions that
// take EMData pointers as arguments do not take them as constant pointers to constant
// objects, instead they are treated as raw (completely changeable) pointers. This means
// it's hard to track down which functions are changing the EMData objects, because they
// all do (in name). If this behavior is unavoidable then ignore this comment, however if possible it would
// be good to make things const as much as possible. For example in alignment, technically
// the argument EMData objects (raw pointers) should not be altered... should they?
//
// But const can be very annoying sometimes...
EMData *RTFExhaustiveAligner::align(EMData * this_img, EMData *to,
                        const string & cmp_name, const Dict& cmp_params) const
{
        EMData *flip = params.set_default("flip", (EMData *) 0);
        int maxshift = params.set_default("maxshift", this_img->get_xsize()/8);
        if (maxshift < 2) throw InvalidParameterException("maxshift must be greater than or equal to 2");

        int ny = this_img->get_ysize();
        int xst = (int) floor(2 * M_PI * ny);
        xst = Util::calc_best_fft_size(xst);

        Dict d("n",2);
        EMData *to_shrunk_unwrapped = to->process("math.medianshrink",d);

        int to_copy_r2 = to_shrunk_unwrapped->get_ysize() / 2 - 2 - maxshift / 2;
        EMData *tmp = to_shrunk_unwrapped->unwrap(4, to_copy_r2, xst / 2, 0, 0, true);
        if( to_shrunk_unwrapped )
        {
                delete to_shrunk_unwrapped;
                to_shrunk_unwrapped = 0;
        }
        to_shrunk_unwrapped = tmp;

        EMData *to_shrunk_unwrapped_copy = to_shrunk_unwrapped->copy();
        EMData* to_unwrapped = to->unwrap(4, to->get_ysize() / 2 - 2 - maxshift, xst, 0, 0, true);
        EMData *to_unwrapped_copy = to_unwrapped->copy();

        bool delete_flipped = true;
        EMData *flipped = 0;
        if (flip) {
                delete_flipped = false;
                flipped = flip;
        }
        else {
                flipped = to->process("xform.flip", Dict("axis", "x"));
        }
        EMData *to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped = flipped->process("math.medianshrink",d);
        tmp = to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped->unwrap(4, to_copy_r2, xst / 2, 0, 0, true);
        if( to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped )
        {
                delete to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped;
                to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped = 0;
        }
        to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped = tmp;
        EMData *to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped_copy = to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped->copy();
        EMData* to_flip_unwrapped = flipped->unwrap(4, to->get_ysize() / 2 - 2 - maxshift, xst, 0, 0, true);
        EMData* to_flip_unwrapped_copy = to_flip_unwrapped->copy();

        if (delete_flipped && flipped != 0) {
                delete flipped;
                flipped = 0;
        }

        EMData *this_shrunk_2 = this_img->process("math.medianshrink",d);

        float bestval = FLT_MAX;
        float bestang = 0;
        int bestflip = 0;
        float bestdx = 0;
        float bestdy = 0;

        int half_maxshift = maxshift / 2;

        int ur2 = this_shrunk_2->get_ysize() / 2 - 2 - half_maxshift;
        for (int dy = -half_maxshift; dy <= half_maxshift; dy += 1) {
                for (int dx = -half_maxshift; dx <= half_maxshift; dx += 1) {
#ifdef  _WIN32
                        if (_hypot(dx, dy) <= half_maxshift) {
#else
                        if (hypot(dx, dy) <= half_maxshift) {
#endif
                                EMData *uw = this_shrunk_2->unwrap(4, ur2, xst / 2, dx, dy, true);
                                EMData *uwc = uw->copy();
                                EMData *a = uw->calc_ccfx(to_shrunk_unwrapped);

                                uwc->rotate_x(a->calc_max_index());
                                float cm = uwc->cmp(cmp_name, to_shrunk_unwrapped_copy, cmp_params);
                                if (cm < bestval) {
                                        bestval = cm;
                                        bestang = (float) (2.0 * M_PI * a->calc_max_index() / a->get_xsize());
                                        bestdx = (float)dx;
                                        bestdy = (float)dy;
                                        bestflip = 0;
                                }


                                if( a )
                                {
                                        delete a;
                                        a = 0;
                                }
                                if( uw )
                                {
                                        delete uw;
                                        uw = 0;
                                }
                                if( uwc )
                                {
                                        delete uwc;
                                        uwc = 0;
                                }
                                uw = this_shrunk_2->unwrap(4, ur2, xst / 2, dx, dy, true);
                                uwc = uw->copy();
                                a = uw->calc_ccfx(to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped);

                                uwc->rotate_x(a->calc_max_index());
                                cm = uwc->cmp(cmp_name, to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped_copy, cmp_params);
                                if (cm < bestval) {
                                        bestval = cm;
                                        bestang = (float) (2.0 * M_PI * a->calc_max_index() / a->get_xsize());
                                        bestdx = (float)dx;
                                        bestdy = (float)dy;
                                        bestflip = 1;
                                }

                                if( a )
                                {
                                        delete a;
                                        a = 0;
                                }

                                if( uw )
                                {
                                        delete uw;
                                        uw = 0;
                                }
                                if( uwc )
                                {
                                        delete uwc;
                                        uwc = 0;
                                }
                        }
                }
        }
        if( this_shrunk_2 )
        {
                delete this_shrunk_2;
                this_shrunk_2 = 0;
        }
        if( to_shrunk_unwrapped )
        {
                delete to_shrunk_unwrapped;
                to_shrunk_unwrapped = 0;
        }
        if( to_shrunk_unwrapped_copy )
        {
                delete to_shrunk_unwrapped_copy;
                to_shrunk_unwrapped_copy = 0;
        }
        if( to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped )
        {
                delete to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped;
                to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped = 0;
        }
        if( to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped_copy )
        {
                delete to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped_copy;
                to_shrunk_flipped_unwrapped_copy = 0;
        }
        bestdx *= 2;
        bestdy *= 2;
        bestval = FLT_MAX;

        float bestdx2 = bestdx;
        float bestdy2 = bestdy;
        // Note I tried steps less than 1.0 (sub pixel precision) and it actually appeared detrimental
        // So my advice is to stick with dx += 1.0 etc unless you really are looking to fine tune this
        // algorithm
        for (float dy = bestdy2 - 3; dy <= bestdy2 + 3; dy += 1.0 ) {
                for (float dx = bestdx2 - 3; dx <= bestdx2 + 3; dx += 1.0 ) {

#ifdef  _WIN32
                        if (_hypot(dx, dy) <= maxshift) {
#else
                        if (hypot(dx, dy) <= maxshift) {
#endif
                                EMData *uw = this_img->unwrap(4, this_img->get_ysize() / 2 - 2 - maxshift, xst, (int)dx, (int)dy, true);
                                EMData *uwc = uw->copy();
                                EMData *a = uw->calc_ccfx(to_unwrapped);

                                uwc->rotate_x(a->calc_max_index());
                                float cm = uwc->cmp(cmp_name, to_unwrapped_copy, cmp_params);

                                if (cm < bestval) {
                                        bestval = cm;
                                        bestang = (float)(2.0 * M_PI * a->calc_max_index() / a->get_xsize());
                                        bestdx = dx;
                                        bestdy = dy;
                                        bestflip = 0;
                                }

                                if( a )
                                {
                                        delete a;
                                        a = 0;
                                }
                                if( uw )
                                {
                                        delete uw;
                                        uw = 0;
                                }
                                if( uwc )
                                {
                                        delete uwc;
                                        uwc = 0;
                                }
                                uw = this_img->unwrap(4, this_img->get_ysize() / 2 - 2 - maxshift, xst, (int)dx, (int)dy, true);
                                uwc = uw->copy();
                                a = uw->calc_ccfx(to_flip_unwrapped);

                                uwc->rotate_x(a->calc_max_index());
                                cm = uwc->cmp(cmp_name, to_flip_unwrapped_copy, cmp_params);

                                if (cm < bestval) {
                                        bestval = cm;
                                        bestang = (float)(2.0 * M_PI * a->calc_max_index() / a->get_xsize());
                                        bestdx = dx;
                                        bestdy = dy;
                                        bestflip = 1;
                                }

                                if( a )
                                {
                                        delete a;
                                        a = 0;
                                }
                                if( uw )
                                {
                                        delete uw;
                                        uw = 0;
                                }
                                if( uwc )
                                {
                                        delete uwc;
                                        uwc = 0;
                                }
                        }
                }
        }
        if( to_unwrapped ) {delete to_unwrapped;to_unwrapped = 0;}
        if( to_shrunk_unwrapped ) {     delete to_shrunk_unwrapped;     to_shrunk_unwrapped = 0;}
        if (to_unwrapped_copy) { delete to_unwrapped_copy; to_unwrapped_copy = 0; }
        if (to_flip_unwrapped) { delete to_flip_unwrapped; to_flip_unwrapped = 0; }
        if (to_flip_unwrapped_copy) { delete to_flip_unwrapped_copy; to_flip_unwrapped_copy = 0;}

        bestang *= (float)EMConsts::rad2deg;
        Transform t(Dict("type","2d","alpha",(float)bestang));
        t.set_pre_trans(Vec2f(-bestdx,-bestdy));
        if (bestflip) {
                t.set_mirror(true);
        }

        EMData* ret = this_img->process("xform",Dict("transform",&t));
        ret->set_attr("xform.align2d",&t);

        return ret;
}


EMData *RTFSlowExhaustiveAligner::align(EMData * this_img, EMData *to,
                        const string & cmp_name, const Dict& cmp_params) const
{

        EMData *flip = params.set_default("flip", (EMData *) 0);
        int maxshift = params.set_default("maxshift", -1);

        EMData *flipped = 0;

        bool delete_flipped = true;
        if (flip) {
                delete_flipped = false;
                flipped = flip;
        }
        else {
                flipped = to->process("xform.flip", Dict("axis", "x"));
        }

        int nx = this_img->get_xsize();

        if (maxshift < 0) {
                maxshift = nx / 10;
        }

        float angle_step =  params.set_default("angstep", 0.0f);
        if ( angle_step == 0 ) angle_step = atan2(2.0f, (float)nx);
        else {
                angle_step *= (float)EMConsts::deg2rad; //convert to radians
        }
        float trans_step =  params.set_default("transtep",1.0f);

        if (trans_step <= 0) throw InvalidParameterException("transstep must be greater than 0");
        if (angle_step <= 0) throw InvalidParameterException("angstep must be greater than 0");


        Dict shrinkfactor("n",2);
        EMData *this_img_shrink = this_img->process("math.medianshrink",shrinkfactor);
        EMData *to_shrunk = to->process("math.medianshrink",shrinkfactor);
        EMData *flipped_shrunk = flipped->process("math.medianshrink",shrinkfactor);

        int bestflip = 0;
        float bestdx = 0;
        float bestdy = 0;

        float bestang = 0;
        float bestval = FLT_MAX;

        int half_maxshift = maxshift / 2;


        for (int dy = -half_maxshift; dy <= half_maxshift; ++dy) {
                for (int dx = -half_maxshift; dx <= half_maxshift; ++dx) {
                        if (hypot(dx, dy) <= maxshift) {
                                for (float ang = -angle_step * 2.0f; ang <= (float)2 * M_PI; ang += angle_step * 4.0f) {
                                        EMData v(*this_img_shrink);
                                        Transform t(Dict("type","2d","alpha",static_cast<float>(ang*EMConsts::rad2deg)));
                                        t.set_trans((float)dx,(float)dy);
                                        v.transform(t);
//                                      v.rotate_translate(ang*EMConsts::rad2deg, 0.0f, 0.0f, (float)dx, (float)dy, 0.0f);

                                        float lc = v.cmp(cmp_name, to_shrunk, cmp_params);

                                        if (lc < bestval) {
                                                bestval = lc;
                                                bestang = ang;
                                                bestdx = (float)dx;
                                                bestdy = (float)dy;
                                                bestflip = 0;
                                        }

                                        lc = v.cmp(cmp_name,flipped_shrunk , cmp_params);
                                        if (lc < bestval) {
                                                bestval = lc;
                                                bestang = ang;
                                                bestdx = (float)dx;
                                                bestdy = (float)dy;
                                                bestflip = 1;
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }
        }

        if( to_shrunk )
        {
                delete to_shrunk;
                to_shrunk = 0;
        }
        if( flipped_shrunk )
        {
                delete flipped_shrunk;
                flipped_shrunk = 0;
        }
        if( this_img_shrink )
        {
                delete this_img_shrink;
                this_img_shrink = 0;
        }

        bestdx *= 2;
        bestdy *= 2;
        bestval = FLT_MAX;

        float bestdx2 = bestdx;
        float bestdy2 = bestdy;
        float bestang2 = bestang;

        for (float dy = bestdy2 - 3; dy <= bestdy2 + 3; dy += trans_step) {
                for (float dx = bestdx2 - 3; dx <= bestdx2 + 3; dx += trans_step) {
                        if (hypot(dx, dy) <= maxshift) {
                                for (float ang = bestang2 - angle_step * 6.0f; ang <= bestang2 + angle_step * 6.0f; ang += angle_step) {
                                        EMData v(*this_img);
                                        Transform t(Dict("type","2d","alpha",static_cast<float>(ang*EMConsts::rad2deg)));
                                        t.set_trans(dx,dy);
                                        v.transform(t);
//                                      v.rotate_translate(ang*EMConsts::rad2deg, 0.0f, 0.0f, (float)dx, (float)dy, 0.0f);

                                        float lc = v.cmp(cmp_name, to, cmp_params);

                                        if (lc < bestval) {
                                                bestval = lc;
                                                bestang = ang;
                                                bestdx = dx;
                                                bestdy = dy;
                                                bestflip = 0;
                                        }

                                        lc = v.cmp(cmp_name, flipped, cmp_params);

                                        if (lc < bestval) {
                                                bestval = lc;
                                                bestang = ang;
                                                bestdx = dx;
                                                bestdy = dy;
                                                bestflip = 1;
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }
        }

        if (delete_flipped) { delete flipped; flipped = 0; }

        bestang *= (float)EMConsts::rad2deg;
        Transform t(Dict("type","2d","alpha",(float)bestang));
        t.set_trans(bestdx,bestdy);

        if (bestflip) {
                t.set_mirror(true);
        }

        EMData* rslt = this_img->process("xform",Dict("transform",&t));
        rslt->set_attr("xform.align2d",&t);

        return rslt;
}



static double refalifn(const gsl_vector * v, void *params)
{
        Dict *dict = (Dict *) params;

        double x = gsl_vector_get(v, 0);
        double y = gsl_vector_get(v, 1);
        double a = gsl_vector_get(v, 2);

        EMData *this_img = (*dict)["this"];
        EMData *with = (*dict)["with"];
        bool mirror = (*dict)["mirror"];

//      float mean = (float)this_img->get_attr("mean");
//      if ( Util::goodf(&mean) ) {
//              //cout << "tmps mean is nan even before rotation" << endl;
//      }

        Transform t(Dict("type","2d","alpha",static_cast<float>(a)));
//      Transform3D t3d(Transform3D::EMAN, (float)a, 0.0f, 0.0f);
//      t3d.set_posttrans( (float) x, (float) y);
//      tmp->rotate_translate(t3d);
        t.set_trans((float)x,(float)y);
        t.set_mirror(mirror);
        EMData *tmp = this_img->process("xform",Dict("transform",&t));

        Cmp* c = (Cmp*) ((void*)(*dict)["cmp"]);
        double result = c->cmp(tmp,with);

        // DELETE AT SOME STAGE, USEFUL FOR PRERELEASE STUFF
        //      float test_result = (float)result;
//      if ( Util::goodf(&test_result) ) {
//              cout << "result " << result << " " << x << " " << y << " " << a << endl;
//              cout << (float)this_img->get_attr("mean") << " " << (float)tmp->get_attr("mean") << " " << (float)with->get_attr("mean") << endl;
//              tmp->write_image("tmp.hdf");
//              with->write_image("with.hdf");
//              this_img->write_image("this_img.hdf");
//              EMData* t = this_img->copy();
//              cout << (float)t->get_attr("mean") << endl;
//              t->rotate_translate( t3d );
//              cout << (float)t->get_attr("mean") << endl;
//              cout << "exit" << endl;
//              cout << (float)t->get_attr("mean") << endl;
//              cout << "now exit" << endl;
//              delete t;
//      }


        if ( tmp != 0 ) delete tmp;

        return result;
}

static double refalifnfast(const gsl_vector * v, void *params)
{
        Dict *dict = (Dict *) params;
        EMData *this_img = (*dict)["this"];
        EMData *img_to = (*dict)["with"];
        bool mirror = (*dict)["mirror"];

        double x = gsl_vector_get(v, 0);
        double y = gsl_vector_get(v, 1);
        double a = gsl_vector_get(v, 2);

        double r = this_img->dot_rotate_translate(img_to, (float)x, (float)y, (float)a, mirror);
        int nsec = this_img->get_xsize() * this_img->get_ysize();
        double result = 1.0 - r / nsec;

//      cout << result << " x " << x << " y " << y << " az " << a <<  endl;
        return result;
}


EMData *RefineAligner::align(EMData * this_img, EMData *to,
        const string & cmp_name, const Dict& cmp_params) const
{

        if (!to) {
                return 0;
        }

        int mode = params.set_default("mode", 0);
        float saz = 0.0;
        float sdx = 0.0;
        float sdy = 0.0;
        bool mirror = false;
        Transform* t;
        if (params.has_key("xform.align2d") ) {
                t = params["xform.align2d"];
                Dict params = t->get_params("2d");
                saz = params["alpha"];
                sdx = params["tx"];
                sdy = params["ty"];
                mirror = params["mirror"];

        } else {
                t = new Transform(); // is the identity
        }

        int np = 3;
        Dict gsl_params;
        gsl_params["this"] = this_img;
        gsl_params["with"] = to;
        gsl_params["snr"]  = params["snr"];
        gsl_params["mirror"] = mirror;



        const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
        gsl_vector *ss = gsl_vector_alloc(np);

        float stepx = params.set_default("stepx",1.0f);
        float stepy = params.set_default("stepy",1.0f);
        // Default step is 5 degree - note in EMAN1 it was 0.1 radians
        float stepaz = params.set_default("stepaz",5.0f);

        gsl_vector_set(ss, 0, stepx);
        gsl_vector_set(ss, 1, stepy);
        gsl_vector_set(ss, 2, stepaz);

        gsl_vector *x = gsl_vector_alloc(np);
        gsl_vector_set(x, 0, sdx);
        gsl_vector_set(x, 1, sdy);
        gsl_vector_set(x, 2, saz);

        Cmp *c = 0;

        gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
        if (mode == 2) {
                minex_func.f = &refalifnfast;
        }
        else {
                c = Factory < Cmp >::get(cmp_name, cmp_params);
                gsl_params["cmp"] = (void *) c;
                minex_func.f = &refalifn;
        }

        minex_func.n = np;
        minex_func.params = (void *) &gsl_params;

        gsl_multimin_fminimizer *s = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc(T, np);
        gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set(s, &minex_func, x, ss);

        int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
        int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
        int iter = 1;

        float precision = params.set_default("precision",0.04f);
        int maxiter = params.set_default("maxiter",28);

//      printf("Refine sx=%1.2f sy=%1.2f sa=%1.2f prec=%1.4f maxit=%d\n",stepx,stepy,stepaz,precision,maxiter);
//      printf("%1.2f %1.2f %1.1f  ->",(float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 0),(float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 1),(float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 2));

        while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE && iter < maxiter) {
                iter++;
                status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(s);
                if (status) {
                        break;
                }
                rval = gsl_multimin_test_size(gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size(s), precision);
        }

        int maxshift = params.set_default("maxshift",-1);

        if (maxshift <= 0) {
                maxshift = this_img->get_xsize() / 4;
        }
        float fmaxshift = static_cast<float>(maxshift);
        EMData *result;
        if ( fmaxshift >= fabs((float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 0)) && fmaxshift >= fabs((float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 1))  )
        {
//              printf(" Refine good %1.2f %1.2f %1.1f\n",(float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 0),(float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 1),(float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 2));
                Transform  tsoln(Dict("type","2d","alpha",(float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 2)));
                tsoln.set_mirror(mirror);
                tsoln.set_trans((float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 0),(float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 1));
                result = this_img->process("xform",Dict("transform",&tsoln));
                result->set_attr("xform.align2d",&tsoln);
        } else { // The refine aligner failed - this shift went beyond the max shift
//              printf(" Refine Failed %1.2f %1.2f %1.1f\n",(float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 0),(float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 1),(float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 2));
                result = this_img->process("xform",Dict("transform",t));
                result->set_attr("xform.align2d",t);
        }

        delete t;
        t = 0;

        gsl_vector_free(x);
        gsl_vector_free(ss);
        gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free(s);

        if ( c != 0 ) delete c;
        return result;
}

static Transform refalin3d_perturb(const Transform*const t, const float& delta, const float& arc, const float& phi, const float& x, const float& y, const float& z)
{
        Dict orig_params = t->get_params("eman");
        float orig_phi = orig_params["phi"];
        float orig_x = orig_params["tx"];
        float orig_y = orig_params["ty"];
        float orig_z = orig_params["tz"];
        orig_params["phi"] = 0;
        orig_params["tx"] = 0;
        orig_params["ty"] = 0;
        orig_params["tz"] = 0;
        Transform t_no_phi(orig_params);

        Vec3f zz(0,0,1);

        Vec3f vv  = t_no_phi.transpose()*zz;
        Vec3f normal = Vec3f(-vv[2],0,-vv[0]);

        normal.normalize();

        Dict d;
        d["type"] = "spin";
        d["Omega"] = arc;
        d["n1"] = vv[0];
        d["n2"] = vv[1];
        d["n3"] = vv[2];

        Transform q(d);

        Vec3f  rot_vec = q*normal;
        rot_vec.normalize();

        Dict e;
        e["type"] = "spin";
        e["Omega"] = delta;
        e["n1"] = rot_vec[0];
        e["n2"] = rot_vec[1];
        e["n3"] = rot_vec[2];

        Transform perturb(e);

        Dict g;
        g["type"] = "eman";
        g["alt"] = 0;
        g["az"] = 0;
        g["phi"] = 0*phi+orig_phi;

        Transform phi_rot(g);
        Transform soln = t_no_phi*perturb*phi_rot;
        soln.set_trans(x+orig_x,y+orig_y,z+orig_z);

        Dict params = soln.get_params("eman");
        return soln;
}

static double refalifn3d(const gsl_vector * v, void *params)
{
        Dict *dict = (Dict *) params;
        double x = gsl_vector_get(v, 0);
        double y = gsl_vector_get(v, 1);
        double z = gsl_vector_get(v, 2);
        double arc = gsl_vector_get(v, 3);
        double delta = gsl_vector_get(v, 4);
        double phi = gsl_vector_get(v, 5);
        EMData *this_img = (*dict)["this"];
        EMData *with = (*dict)["with"];
//      bool mirror = (*dict)["mirror"];

        Transform* t = (*dict)["transform"];

        Transform soln = refalin3d_perturb(t,(float)delta,(float)arc,(float)phi,(float)x,(float)y,(float)z);

        EMData *tmp = this_img->process("xform",Dict("transform",&soln));
        Cmp* c = (Cmp*) ((void*)(*dict)["cmp"]);
        double result = c->cmp(tmp,with);
        if ( tmp != 0 ) delete tmp;
        delete t; t = 0;
//      cout << result << " " << az << " " << alt << " " << phi << " " << x << " " << y << " " << z << endl;
        return result;
}

/*
static double refalifn3d(const gsl_vector * v, void *params)
{
        Dict *dict = (Dict *) params;

        double x = gsl_vector_get(v, 0);
        double y = gsl_vector_get(v, 1);
        double z = gsl_vector_get(v, 2);
        double az = gsl_vector_get(v, 3);
        double alt = gsl_vector_get(v, 4);
        double phi = gsl_vector_get(v, 5);
        EMData *this_img = (*dict)["this"];
        EMData *with = (*dict)["with"];
        bool mirror = (*dict)["mirror"];

        Dict d("type","eman","az",static_cast<float>(az));
        d["alt"] = static_cast<float>(alt);
        d["phi"] = static_cast<float>(phi);
        Transform t(d);
        t.set_trans((float)x,(float)y,(float)z);
        t.set_mirror(mirror);
        EMData *tmp = this_img->process("xform",Dict("transform",&t));

        Cmp* c = (Cmp*) ((void*)(*dict)["cmp"]);
        double result = c->cmp(tmp,with);
        if ( tmp != 0 ) delete tmp;

        return result;
}*/

EMData* Refine3DAligner::align(EMData * this_img, EMData *to,
        const string & cmp_name, const Dict& cmp_params) const
{

        if (!to || !this_img) throw NullPointerException("Input image is null"); // not sure if this is necessary, it was there before I started

        if (to->get_ndim() != 3 || this_img->get_ndim() != 3) throw ImageDimensionException("The Refine3D aligner only works for 3D images");

        float saz = 0.0;
        float sphi = 0.0;
        float salt = 0.0;
        float sdx = 0.0;
        float sdy = 0.0;
        float sdz = 0.0;
        bool mirror = false;
        Transform* t;
        if (params.has_key("xform.align3d") ) {
                // Unlike the 2d refine aligner, this class doesn't require the starting transform's
                // parameters to form the starting guess. Instead the Transform itself
                // is perturbed carefully (using quaternion rotation) to overcome problems that arise
                // when you use orthogonally-based Euler angles
                t = params["xform.align3d"];
        }else {
                t = new Transform(); // is the identity
        }

        int np = 6; // the number of dimensions
        Dict gsl_params;
        gsl_params["this"] = this_img;
        gsl_params["with"] = to;
        gsl_params["snr"]  = params["snr"];
        gsl_params["mirror"] = mirror;
        gsl_params["transform"] = t;

        const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
        gsl_vector *ss = gsl_vector_alloc(np);

        float stepx = params.set_default("stepx",1.0f);
        float stepy = params.set_default("stepy",1.0f);
        float stepz = params.set_default("stepz",1.0f);
        // Default step is 5 degree - note in EMAN1 it was 0.1 radians
        float half_circle_step = 180.0f; // This shouldn't be altered
        float stepphi = params.set_default("stephi",5.0f);
        float stepdelta = params.set_default("stepdelta",5.0f);

        gsl_vector_set(ss, 0, stepx);
        gsl_vector_set(ss, 1, stepy);
        gsl_vector_set(ss, 2, stepz);
        gsl_vector_set(ss, 3, half_circle_step);
        gsl_vector_set(ss, 4, stepdelta);
        gsl_vector_set(ss, 5, stepphi);

        gsl_vector *x = gsl_vector_alloc(np);
        gsl_vector_set(x, 0, sdx);
        gsl_vector_set(x, 1, sdy);
        gsl_vector_set(x, 2, sdz);
        gsl_vector_set(x, 3, saz);
        gsl_vector_set(x, 4, salt);
        gsl_vector_set(x, 5, sphi);

        gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
        Cmp *c = Factory < Cmp >::get(cmp_name, cmp_params);
        gsl_params["cmp"] = (void *) c;
        minex_func.f = &refalifn3d;

        minex_func.n = np;
        minex_func.params = (void *) &gsl_params;

        gsl_multimin_fminimizer *s = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc(T, np);
        gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set(s, &minex_func, x, ss);

        int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
        int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
        int iter = 1;

        float precision = params.set_default("precision",0.04f);
        int maxiter = params.set_default("maxiter",60);
        while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE && iter < maxiter) {
                iter++;
                status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(s);
                if (status) {
                        break;
                }
                rval = gsl_multimin_test_size(gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size(s), precision);
        }

        int maxshift = params.set_default("maxshift",-1);

        if (maxshift <= 0) {
                maxshift = this_img->get_xsize() / 4;
        }
        float fmaxshift = static_cast<float>(maxshift);
        EMData *result;
        if ( fmaxshift >= (float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 0) && fmaxshift >= (float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 1)  && fmaxshift >= (float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 2))
        {
                float x = (float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 0);
                float y = (float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 1);
                float z = (float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 2);

                float arc = (float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 3);
                float delta = (float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 4);
                float phi = (float)gsl_vector_get(s->x, 5);

                Transform tsoln = refalin3d_perturb(t,delta,arc,phi,x,y,z);

                result = this_img->process("xform",Dict("transform",&tsoln));
                result->set_attr("xform.align3d",&tsoln);

        } else { // The refine aligner failed - this shift went beyond the max shift
                result = this_img->process("xform",Dict("transform",t));
                result->set_attr("xform.align3d",t);
        }

        delete t;
        t = 0;

        gsl_vector_free(x);
        gsl_vector_free(ss);
        gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free(s);

        if ( c != 0 ) delete c;
        return result;
}

EMData* RT3DGridAligner::align(EMData * this_img, EMData *to, const string & cmp_name, const Dict& cmp_params) const
{

        vector<Dict> alis = xform_align_nbest(this_img,to,1,cmp_name,cmp_params);

        Dict t;
        Transform* tr = (Transform*) alis[0]["xform.align3d"];
        t["transform"] = tr;
        EMData* soln = this_img->process("xform",t);
        soln->set_attr("xform.align3d",tr);
        delete tr; tr = 0;

        return soln;

}

vector<Dict> RT3DGridAligner::xform_align_nbest(EMData * this_img, EMData * to, const unsigned int nsoln, const string & cmp_name, const Dict& cmp_params) const {

        if ( this_img->get_ndim() != 3 || to->get_ndim() != 3 ) {
                throw ImageDimensionException("This aligner only works for 3D images");
        }

        int searchx = 0;
        int searchy = 0;
        int searchz = 0;

        if (params.has_key("search")) {
                vector<string> check;
                check.push_back("searchx");
                check.push_back("searchy");
                check.push_back("searchz");
                for(vector<string>::const_iterator cit = check.begin(); cit != check.end(); ++cit) {
                        if (params.has_key(*cit)) throw InvalidParameterException("The search parameter is mutually exclusive of the searchx, searchy, and searchz parameters");
                }
                int search  = params["search"];
                searchx = search;
                searchy = search;
                searchz = search;
        } else {
                searchx = params.set_default("searchx",3);
                searchy = params.set_default("searchy",3);
                searchz = params.set_default("searchz",3);
        }

        float ralt = params.set_default("ralt",180.f);
        float rphi = params.set_default("rphi",180.f);
        float raz = params.set_default("raz",180.f);
        float dalt = params.set_default("dalt",10.f);
        float daz = params.set_default("daz",10.f);
        float dphi = params.set_default("dphi",10.f);
        float threshold = params.set_default("threshold",0.f);
        if (threshold < 0.0f) throw InvalidParameterException("The threshold parameter must be greater than or equal to zero");
        bool verbose = params.set_default("verbose",false);

        vector<Dict> solns;
        if (nsoln == 0) return solns; // What was the user thinking?
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < nsoln; ++i ) {
                Dict d;
                d["score"] = 1.e24;
                Transform t; // identity by default
                d["xform.align3d"] = &t; // deep copy is going on here
                solns.push_back(d);
        }
        Dict d;
        d["type"] = "eman"; // d is used in the loop below
        for ( float alt = 0.0f; alt <= ralt; alt += dalt) {
                // An optimization for the range of az is made at the top of the sphere
                // If you think about it, this is just a coarse way of making this approach slightly more efficient
                if (verbose) {
                        cout << "Trying angle " << alt << endl;
                }

                float begin_az = -raz;
                float end_az = raz;
                if (alt == 0.0f) {
                        begin_az = 0.0f;
                        end_az = 0.0f;
                }

                for ( float az = begin_az; az <= end_az; az += daz ){
                        for( float phi = -rphi-az; phi <= rphi-az; phi += dphi ) {
                                d["alt"] = alt;
                                d["phi"] = phi;
                                d["az"] = az;
                                Transform t(d);
                                EMData* transformed = this_img->process("xform",Dict("transform",&t));
                                EMData* ccf = transformed->calc_ccf(to);

                                IntPoint point = ccf->calc_max_location_wrap(searchx,searchy,searchz);
                                Dict altered_cmp_params(cmp_params);
                                if (cmp_name == "dot.tomo") {
                                        altered_cmp_params["ccf"] = ccf;
                                        altered_cmp_params["tx"] = point[0];
                                        altered_cmp_params["ty"] = point[1];
                                        altered_cmp_params["tz"] = point[2];
                                }

                                float best_score = transformed->cmp(cmp_name,to,altered_cmp_params);
                                delete transformed; transformed =0;
                                delete ccf; ccf = 0;

                                unsigned int j = 0;
                                for ( vector<Dict>::iterator it = solns.begin(); it != solns.end(); ++it, ++j ) {
                                        if ( (float)(*it)["score"] > best_score ) {  // Note greater than - EMAN2 preferes minimums as a matter of policy
                                                vector<Dict>::reverse_iterator rit = solns.rbegin();
                                                copy(rit+1,solns.rend()-j,rit);
                                                Dict& d = (*it);
                                                d["score"] = best_score;
                                                d["xform.align3d"] = &t;
                                                break;
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }
        }

        return solns;

}

EMData* RT3DSphereAligner::align(EMData * this_img, EMData *to, const string & cmp_name, const Dict& cmp_params) const
{

        vector<Dict> alis = xform_align_nbest(this_img,to,1,cmp_name,cmp_params);

        Dict t;
        Transform* tr = (Transform*) alis[0]["xform.align3d"];
        t["transform"] = tr;
        EMData* soln = this_img->process("xform",t);
        soln->set_attr("xform.align3d",tr);
        delete tr; tr = 0;

        return soln;

}

vector<Dict> RT3DSphereAligner::xform_align_nbest(EMData * this_img, EMData * to, const unsigned int nsoln, const string & cmp_name, const Dict& cmp_params) const {

        if ( this_img->get_ndim() != 3 || to->get_ndim() != 3 ) {
                throw ImageDimensionException("This aligner only works for 3D images");
        }

        int searchx = 0;
        int searchy = 0;
        int searchz = 0;

        if (params.has_key("search")) {
                vector<string> check;
                check.push_back("searchx");
                check.push_back("searchy");
                check.push_back("searchz");
                for(vector<string>::const_iterator cit = check.begin(); cit != check.end(); ++cit) {
                        if (params.has_key(*cit)) throw InvalidParameterException("The search parameter is mutually exclusive of the searchx, searchy, and searchz parameters");
                }
                int search  = params["search"];
                searchx = search;
                searchy = search;
                searchz = search;
        } else {
                searchx = params.set_default("searchx",3);
                searchy = params.set_default("searchy",3);
                searchz = params.set_default("searchz",3);
        }

        float rphi = params.set_default("rphi",180.f);
        float dphi = params.set_default("dphi",10.f);
        float threshold = params.set_default("threshold",0.f);
        if (threshold < 0.0f) throw InvalidParameterException("The threshold parameter must be greater than or equal to zero");
        bool verbose = params.set_default("verbose",false);

        vector<Dict> solns;
        if (nsoln == 0) return solns; // What was the user thinking?
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < nsoln; ++i ) {
                Dict d;
                d["score"] = 1.e24;
                Transform t; // identity by default
                d["xform.align3d"] = &t; // deep copy is going on here
                solns.push_back(d);
        }

        Dict d;
        d["inc_mirror"] = true; // This should probably always be true for 3D case. If it ever changes we might have to make inc_mirror a parameter
        if ( params.has_key("delta") && params.has_key("n") ) {
                throw InvalidParameterException("The delta and n parameters are mutually exclusive in the RT3DSphereAligner aligner");
        } else if ( params.has_key("n") ) {
                d["n"] = params["n"];
        } else {
                // If they didn't specify either then grab the default delta - if they did supply delta we're still safe doing this
                d["delta"] = params.set_default("delta",10.f);
        }

        Symmetry3D* sym = Factory<Symmetry3D>::get((string)params.set_default("sym","c1"));
        vector<Transform> transforms = sym->gen_orientations((string)params.set_default("orientgen","eman"),d);

        float verbose_alt = -1.0f;;
        for(vector<Transform>::const_iterator trans_it = transforms.begin(); trans_it != transforms.end(); trans_it++) {
                Dict params = trans_it->get_params("eman");
                float az = params["az"];
                if (verbose) {
                        float alt = params["alt"];
                        if ( alt != verbose_alt ) {
                                verbose_alt = alt;
                                cout << "Trying angle " << alt << endl;
                        }
                }
                for( float phi = -rphi-az; phi <= rphi-az; phi += dphi ) {
                        params["phi"] = phi;
                        Transform t(params);
                        EMData* transformed = this_img->process("xform",Dict("transform",&t));
                        EMData* ccf = transformed->calc_ccf(to);
                        IntPoint point = ccf->calc_max_location_wrap(searchx,searchy,searchz);
                        Dict altered_cmp_params(cmp_params);
                        if (cmp_name == "dot.tomo") {
                                altered_cmp_params["ccf"] = ccf;
                                altered_cmp_params["tx"] = point[0];
                                altered_cmp_params["ty"] = point[1];
                                altered_cmp_params["tz"] = point[2];
                        }

                        float best_score = transformed->cmp(cmp_name,to,altered_cmp_params);
                        delete transformed; transformed =0;
                        delete ccf; ccf =0;

                        unsigned int j = 0;
                        for ( vector<Dict>::iterator it = solns.begin(); it != solns.end(); ++it, ++j ) {
                                if ( (float)(*it)["score"] > best_score ) { // Note greater than - EMAN2 preferes minimums as a matter of policy
                                        vector<Dict>::reverse_iterator rit = solns.rbegin();
                                        copy(rit+1,solns.rend()-j,rit);
                                        Dict& d = (*it);
                                        d["score"] = best_score;
                                        d["xform.align3d"] = &t; // deep copy is going on here
                                        break;
                                }
                        }

                }
        }
        delete sym; sym = 0;
        return solns;

}

CUDA_Aligner::CUDA_Aligner() {
        image_stack = NULL;
        image_stack_filtered = NULL;
        ccf = NULL;
}

#ifdef EMAN2_USING_CUDA
void CUDA_Aligner::finish() {
        if (image_stack) delete image_stack;
        if (image_stack_filtered) delete image_stack_filtered;
        if (ccf) delete ccf;
}

void CUDA_Aligner::setup(int nima, int nx, int ny, int ring_length, int nring, int ou, float step, int kx, int ky, bool ctf) {

        NIMA = nima;
        NX = nx;
        NY = ny;
        RING_LENGTH = ring_length;
        NRING = nring;
        STEP = step;
        KX = kx;
        KY = ky;
        OU = ou;
        CTF = ctf;
        
        image_stack = (float *)malloc(NIMA*NX*NY*sizeof(float));
        if (CTF == 1) image_stack_filtered = (float *)malloc(NIMA*NX*NY*sizeof(float));
        ccf = (float *)malloc(2*(2*KX+1)*(2*KY+1)*NIMA*(RING_LENGTH+2)*sizeof(float));
}

void CUDA_Aligner::insert_image(EMData *image, int num) {

        int base_address = num*NX*NY;

        for (int y=0; y<NY; y++)
                for (int x=0; x<NX; x++)
                        image_stack[base_address+y*NX+x] = (*image)(x, y);
}

void CUDA_Aligner::filter_stack(vector<float> ctf_params, int id) {
        
        float *params;
        
        params = (float *)malloc(NIMA*6*sizeof(float)); 
        
        for (int i=0; i<NIMA*6; i++) params[i] = ctf_params[i];

        filter_image(image_stack, image_stack_filtered, NIMA, NX, NY, params, id);

        free(params);
}

void CUDA_Aligner::sum_oe(vector<float> ctf_params, vector<float> ali_params, EMData *ave1, EMData *ave2, int id) {
        
        float *ctf_p, *ali_p, *av1, *av2;
        
        ctf_p = (float *)malloc(NIMA*6*sizeof(float));
        ali_p = (float *)malloc(NIMA*4*sizeof(float));
        
        if (CTF == 1) {
                for (int i=0; i<NIMA*6; i++)  ctf_p[i] = ctf_params[i];
        }
        for (int i=0; i<NIMA*4; i++)   ali_p[i] = ali_params[i];
        
        av1 = ave1->get_data();
        av2 = ave2->get_data();
        
        rot_filt_sum(image_stack, NIMA, NX, NY, CTF, ctf_p, ali_p, av1, av2, id);
        
        free(ctf_p);
        free(ali_p);
}

vector<float> CUDA_Aligner::alignment_2d(EMData *ref_image_em, vector<float> sx_list, vector<float> sy_list, int id, int silent) {

        float *ref_image, max_ccf;
        int base_address, ccf_offset;
        float ts, tm;
        float ang, sx, sy, mirror, co, so, sxs, sys;
        float *sx2, *sy2;
        vector<float> align_result;

        sx2 = (float *)malloc(NIMA*sizeof(float));
        sy2 = (float *)malloc(NIMA*sizeof(float));

        ref_image = ref_image_em->get_data();
        
        for (int i=0; i<NIMA; i++) {
                sx2[i] = sx_list[i];
                sy2[i] = sy_list[i];
        }
        
        if (CTF == 1) {
                calculate_ccf(image_stack_filtered, ref_image, ccf, NIMA, NX, NY, RING_LENGTH, NRING, OU, STEP, KX, KY, sx2, sy2, id, silent);
        } else {
                calculate_ccf(image_stack, ref_image, ccf, NIMA, NX, NY, RING_LENGTH, NRING, OU, STEP, KX, KY, sx2, sy2, id, silent);
        }

        ccf_offset = NIMA*(RING_LENGTH+2)*(2*KX+1)*(2*KY+1);

        for (int im=0; im<NIMA; im++) {
                max_ccf = -1.0e22;
                for (int kx=-KX; kx<=KX; kx++) {
                        for (int ky=-KY; ky<=KY; ky++) {
                                base_address = (((ky+KY)*(2*KX+1)+(kx+KX))*NIMA+im)*(RING_LENGTH+2);
                                for (int l=0; l<RING_LENGTH; l++) {
                                        ts = ccf[base_address+l];
                                        tm = ccf[base_address+l+ccf_offset];
                                        if (ts > max_ccf) {
                                                ang = float(l)/RING_LENGTH*360.0;
                                                sx = -kx*STEP;
                                                sy = -ky*STEP;
                                                mirror = 0;
                                                max_ccf = ts;
                                        }
                                        if (tm > max_ccf) {
                                                ang = float(l)/RING_LENGTH*360.0; 
                                                sx = -kx*STEP;
                                                sy = -ky*STEP;
                                                mirror = 1;
                                                max_ccf = tm;
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }
                co =  cos(ang*M_PI/180.0);
                so = -sin(ang*M_PI/180.0);
                sxs = sx*co - sy*so;
                sys = sx*so + sy*co;

                align_result.push_back(ang);
                align_result.push_back(sxs);
                align_result.push_back(sys);
                align_result.push_back(mirror);
        }
        
        free(sx2);
        free(sy2);
        
        return align_result;
}


vector<float> CUDA_Aligner::ali2d_single_iter(EMData *ref_image_em, vector<float> ali_params, float csx, float csy, int id, int silent) {

        float *ref_image, max_ccf;
        int base_address, ccf_offset;
        float ts, tm;
        float ang, sx, sy, mirror, co, so, sxs, sys;
        float *sx2, *sy2;
        vector<float> align_result;

        sx2 = (float *)malloc(NIMA*sizeof(float));
        sy2 = (float *)malloc(NIMA*sizeof(float));

        ref_image = ref_image_em->get_data();
        
        for (int i=0; i<NIMA; i++) {
                ang = ali_params[i*4]/180.0*M_PI;
                sx = (ali_params[i*4+3] < 0.5)?(ali_params[i*4+1]-csx):(ali_params[i*4+1]+csx);
                sy = ali_params[i*4+2]-csy;
                co = cos(ang);
                so = sin(ang);
                sx2[i] = -(sx*co-sy*so);
                sy2[i] = -(sx*so+sy*co);
        }
        
        if (CTF == 1) {
                calculate_ccf(image_stack_filtered, ref_image, ccf, NIMA, NX, NY, RING_LENGTH, NRING, OU, STEP, KX, KY, sx2, sy2, id, silent);
        } else {
                calculate_ccf(image_stack, ref_image, ccf, NIMA, NX, NY, RING_LENGTH, NRING, OU, STEP, KX, KY, sx2, sy2, id, silent);
        }

        ccf_offset = NIMA*(RING_LENGTH+2)*(2*KX+1)*(2*KY+1);

        float sx_sum = 0.0f;
        float sy_sum = 0.0f;
        
        for (int im=0; im<NIMA; im++) {
                max_ccf = -1.0e22;
                for (int kx=-KX; kx<=KX; kx++) {
                        for (int ky=-KY; ky<=KY; ky++) {
                                base_address = (((ky+KY)*(2*KX+1)+(kx+KX))*NIMA+im)*(RING_LENGTH+2);
                                for (int l=0; l<RING_LENGTH; l++) {
                                        ts = ccf[base_address+l];
                                        tm = ccf[base_address+l+ccf_offset];
                                        if (ts > max_ccf) {
                                                ang = float(l)/RING_LENGTH*360.0;
                                                sx = -kx*STEP;
                                                sy = -ky*STEP;
                                                mirror = 0;
                                                max_ccf = ts;
                                        }
                                        if (tm > max_ccf) {
                                                ang = float(l)/RING_LENGTH*360.0; 
                                                sx = -kx*STEP;
                                                sy = -ky*STEP;
                                                mirror = 1;
                                                max_ccf = tm;
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }
                co =  cos(ang*M_PI/180.0);
                so = -sin(ang*M_PI/180.0);
                
                sxs = (sx-sx2[im])*co-(sy-sy2[im])*so;
                sys = (sx-sx2[im])*so+(sy-sy2[im])*co;

                align_result.push_back(ang);
                align_result.push_back(sxs);
                align_result.push_back(sys);
                align_result.push_back(mirror);
                
                if (mirror == 0)  { sx_sum += sxs; }  else { sx_sum -= sxs; }
                sy_sum += sys;
        }
        
        align_result.push_back(sx_sum);
        align_result.push_back(sy_sum);
        
        free(sx2);
        free(sy2);
        
        return align_result;
}


#endif

void EMAN::dump_aligners()
{
        dump_factory < Aligner > ();
}

map<string, vector<string> > EMAN::dump_aligners_list()
{
        return dump_factory_list < Aligner > ();
}